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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Toxicology
  • Aquatic Ecotoxicology
  • Fish Physiology

Background:

  • Anthropogenic activities, including mining and fossil fuel combustion, release Selenium (Se), a metalloid contaminant into aquatic ecosystems.
  • Selenium is essential in trace amounts but bioaccumulates and becomes toxic at elevated concentrations, posing risks to aquatic organisms, especially fish.
  • Fish are vital components of aquatic food webs and a significant human protein source, making Se accumulation a critical ecological and food safety issue.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an up-to-date and in-depth analysis of the adverse physiological effects of Selenium (Se) exposure in fish.
  • To identify knowledge gaps concerning the impact of Se on fish health and aquatic ecosystems for future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of existing studies on Selenium toxicity in fish.
  • Analysis of cellular mechanisms, including oxidative stress pathways (ROS production vs. antioxidant capacity).
  • Evaluation of impacts on various physiological functions: metabolism, growth, reproduction, development, and neurobehavioral responses.

Main Results:

  • Selenium induces toxicity at the cellular level by disrupting the redox balance, leading to oxidative damage.
  • Chronic Se exposure impairs critical physiological functions in fish, including metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
  • Selenium acts as a potent teratogen, causing developmental abnormalities via maternal transfer to eggs, with transgenerational persistence. Neurotoxicity, driven by Se-induced oxidative stress in the brain, impairs cognition, behavior, and social interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Elevated Selenium levels from anthropogenic sources pose significant threats to fish health, impacting multiple physiological systems and behaviors.
  • Understanding the full extent of Se toxicity, including its developmental and neurotoxic effects, is crucial for aquatic ecosystem health and food safety.
  • Further research is needed to address knowledge gaps and comprehensively assess the ecological impact of Selenium contamination.