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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Exosomes are stable, lipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles capable of crossing biological barriers. They can carry a wide range of molecules required for intercellular communication. Once exosomes are released from the cell where they originated, they enter a recipient cell through various pathways such as fusion, receptor-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and phagocytosis.
Stahl et al. discovered exosomes in 1983, but the exosomes were initially considered waste products released from the...
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RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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MicroRNAs01:22

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Sequencing Small Non-coding RNA from Formalin-fixed Tissues and Serum-derived Exosomes from Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer Patients
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Bladder cancer: non-coding RNAs and exosomal non-coding RNAs.

Jingang Zhao1, Yangyang Ma1, Xiaodong Zheng2

  • 1Department of Urology, Hangzhou Mingzhou Hospital, Hangzhou, 311215, Zhe'jiang, China.

Functional & Integrative Genomics
|August 31, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key players in bladder cancer (BCa) development. Exosomal ncRNAs show promise for novel BCa diagnostics and therapeutics.

Keywords:
Bladder cancerCircular RNAExosomeLong non-coding RNAMicroRNANon-coding RNAs

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bladder cancer (BCa) is a prevalent malignancy with significant global health impact.
  • Understanding the molecular underpinnings of BCa is crucial for developing new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are increasingly recognized for their roles in BCa.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the involvement of various ncRNAs in bladder cancer pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the significance of exosomal ncRNAs in BCa.
  • To explore the potential of exosomes as diagnostic and therapeutic delivery vehicles in BCa.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on ncRNAs and exosomes in bladder cancer.
  • Analysis of studies investigating the role of different ncRNA types in BCa.
  • Examination of research on exosome biogenesis, cargo, and function in BCa.

Main Results:

  • Numerous ncRNAs are implicated in the progression and manifestation of bladder cancer.
  • Exosomes, derived from various cell types, contain a diverse cargo of ncRNAs relevant to BCa.
  • Exosomal ncRNAs demonstrate potential as biomarkers for BCa detection and prognosis.
  • The lipid bilayer structure of exosomes makes them suitable for targeted cancer therapy delivery.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs play a critical role in bladder cancer pathogenesis.
  • Exosomal ncRNAs represent a promising avenue for non-invasive bladder cancer diagnostics and prognostics.
  • Exosomes hold potential as effective drug delivery systems for bladder cancer treatment.