Revealing the Local Structure and Dynamics of the Solid Li Ion Conductor Li₃P₅O₁₄

The development of fast Li ion-conducting materials for use as solid electrolytes that provide sufficient electrochemical stability against electrode materials is paramount for the future of all-solid-state batteries. Advances on these fast ionic materials are dependent on building structure-ionic mobility-function relationships. Here, we exploit a series of multinuclear and multidimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) approaches, including ⁶Li and ³¹P magic angle spinning (MAS), in conjunction with density functional theory (DFT) to provide a detailed understanding of the local structure of the ultraphosphate Li₃P₅O₁₄, a promising candidate for an oxide-based Li ion conductor that has been shown to be a highly conductive, energetically favorable, and electrochemically stable potential solid electrolyte. We have reported a comprehensive assignment of the ultraphosphate layer and layered Li₆O₁₆ ^26- chains through ³¹P and ⁶Li MAS NMR, respectively, in conjunction with DFT. The chemical shift anisotropy of the eight resonances with the lowest ³¹P chemical shift is significantly lower than that of the 12 remaining resonances, suggesting the phosphate bonding nature of these P sites being one that bridges to three other phosphate groups. We employed a number of complementary ^6,7Li NMR techniques, including MAS variable-temperature line narrowing spectra, spin-alignment echo (SAE) NMR, and relaxometry, to quantify the lithium ion dynamics in Li₃P₅O₁₄. Detailed analysis of the diffusion-induced spin-lattice relaxation data allowed for experimental verification of the three-dimensional Li diffusion previously proposed computationally. The ⁶Li NMR relaxation rates suggest sites Li1 and Li5 (the only five-coordinate Li site) are the most mobile and are adjacent to one another, both in the a-b plane (intralayer) and on the c-axis (interlayer). As shown in the ⁶Li-⁶Li exchange spectroscopy NMR spectra, sites Li1 and Li5 likely exchange with one another both between adjacent layered Li₆O₁₆ ^26- chains and through the center of the P₁₂O₃₆ ^12- rings forming the three-dimensional pathway. The understanding of the Li ion mobility pathways in high-performing solid electrolytes outlines a route for further development of such materials to improve their performance.