Spatial and Bidirectional Work Function Modulation of Monolayer Graphene with Patterned Polymer "Fluorozwitterists"

Understanding the electronic properties resulting from soft-hard material interfacial contact has elevated the utility of functional polymers in advanced materials and nanoscale structures, such as in work function engineering of two-dimensional (2D) materials to produce new types of high-performance devices. In this paper, we describe the electronic impact of functional polymers, containing both zwitterionic and fluorocarbon components in their side chains, on the work function of monolayer graphene through the preparation of negative-tone photoresists, which we term "fluorozwitterists." The zwitterionic and fluorinated groups each represent dipole-containing moieties capable of producing distinct surface energies as thin films. Kelvin probe force microscopy revealed these polymers to have a p-doping effect on graphene, which contrasts the work function decrease typically associated with polymer-to-graphene contact. Copolymerization of fluorinated zwitterionic monomers with methyl methacrylate and a benzophenone-substituted methacrylate produced copolymers that were amenable to photolithographic fabrication of fluorozwitterist structures. Consequently, spatial alteration of zwitterion coverage across graphene yielded stripes that resemble a lateral p-i-n diode configuration, with local increase or decrease of work function. Overall, this polymeric fluorozwitterist design is suitable for enabling simple, solution-based surface patterning and is anticipated to be useful for spatial work function modulation of 2D materials integrated into electronic devices.