SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant: a short review

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Genetics

Background:

• Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a positive-sense RNA virus known for continuous evolution and mutation.
• RNA viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, are prone to genetic mutation and recombination, driving viral evolution.
• SARS-CoV-2 exhibits a lower mutation rate than other RNA viruses due to its novel 3 o5 exoribonuclease proofreading machinery.

Purpose of the Study:

• To discuss the continuous evolution of SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the JN.1 variant.
• To analyze the impact of the JN.1 variant on key aspects of viral infection and public health.
• To provide an overview of current global viral dynamics, including the 'tripledemic' phenomenon.

Main Methods:

• Review of scientific literature on SARS-CoV-2 evolution, mutation rates, and variant emergence.
• Analysis of genetic mechanisms, including mutation and recombination, in viral replication.
• Examination of epidemiological data related to SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV infections.

Main Results:

• SARS-CoV-2 evolution is driven by mutation and recombination, with a notable proofreading mechanism limiting its mutation rate.
• The JN.1 variant, derived from Omicron BA.2.86, has become the globally dominant strain.
• Co-circulation of SARS-CoV-2, influenza, and RSV has led to a 'tripledemic' during recent fall and winter seasons.

Conclusions:

• The JN.1 variant's characteristics regarding transmissibility, disease severity, and immune evasion require thorough investigation.
• Understanding viral evolution and variant impact is crucial for managing public health threats like the 'tripledemic'.