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pre-mRNA Processing02:01

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In eukaryotic cells, transcripts made by RNA polymerase are modified and processed before exiting the nucleus. Unprocessed RNA is called precursor mRNA or pre-mRNA to distinguish it from mature mRNA.
Once about 20-40 ribonucleotides have been joined together by RNA polymerase, a group of enzymes adds a “cap” to the 5’ end of the growing transcript. In this process, a 5’ phosphate is replaced by modified guanosine that has a methyl group attached to it (7-Methyl...
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In eukaryotic cells, nascent mRNA transcripts need to undergo many post-transcriptional modifications to reach the cell cytoplasm and translate into functional proteins. For a long time, transcription and pre-mRNA processing were considered two independent events that occur sequentially in the cell. However, it has now been well established that transcription and pre-mRNA processing are two simultaneous processes that are precisely regulated inside the cell.
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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N6-methyladenosine transcriptome-wide profiles of maize kernel development.

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N6-methyladenosine modification regulates maize kernel development by impacting gene expression. This study reveals a novel posttranscriptional epigenetic mechanism crucial for maize breeding.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Maize kernel development involves intricate cell division and differentiation.
  • Epigenetic modifications, such as DNA methylation, are key regulators of plant development.
  • N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a widespread posttranscriptional epigenetic modification in plants, but its role in maize kernel development is unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of N6-methyladenosine modification in maize kernel development.
  • To profile transcriptome-wide m6A modification patterns during early maize kernel development.
  • To identify genes and regulatory proteins associated with m6A modification in maize kernels.

Main Methods:

  • Transcriptome-wide profiling using MeRIP-seq and RNA-seq.
  • Analysis of m6A peak distribution, associated motifs, and correlation with gene expression.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to predict m6A regulatory proteins.

Main Results:

  • Identified thousands of m6A peaks across various stages of maize kernel development (0-12 days after pollination).
  • m6A modifications were predominantly located in 3'-UTRs and associated with the UGUACA motif.
  • m6A modification negatively correlated with mRNA abundance of ubiquitously expressed genes during kernel development.
  • Predicted several proteins involved in m6A modification and maize kernel development.

Conclusions:

  • N6-methyladenosine modification represents a novel posttranscriptional epigenetic regulatory mechanism in maize kernel development.
  • This finding offers new insights for molecular breeding strategies in maize.
  • The study provides a foundation for further research into m6A regulation in crop development.