Phosphorized 3D Current Collector for High-Energy Anode-Free Lithium Metal Batteries

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Electrochemistry
• Energy Storage

Background:

• Anode-free lithium metal batteries (AF-LMBs) are an emerging technology with potential for higher energy density than conventional lithium-ion batteries.
• Achieving high energy density in AF-LMBs requires homogeneous Li+ flux at the anode to ensure uniform lithium deposition and prevent inventory loss.
• Current limitations include achieving stable and efficient lithium plating/stripping cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

• To develop a systematic calculation system to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical energy density in AF-LMBs.
• To engineer a novel anode structure that promotes uniform lithium deposition and enhances reversibility.
• To increase the energy density and cycling lifespan of high-loading AF-LMBs.

Main Methods:

• Development of a bottom-up calculation system to quantify energy density.
• Fabrication of a 3D copper foil decorated with copper phosphide (Cu3P) to create a lithiophilic surface.
• Characterization of the Cu3P-decorated foil for its effect on lithium nucleation and growth.

Main Results:

• The Cu3P-decorated 3D copper foil demonstrated enhanced lithiophilicity, promoting homogeneous lithium deposition and suppressing dendrite formation.
• The nanostructured, phosphorized surface provided abundant nucleation sites, regulating lithium deposition behavior.
• The lightweight and ultrathin processed foil contributed to increased gravimetric and volumetric energy density.

Conclusions:

• The developed Cu3P-decorated 3D copper foil is an effective strategy for achieving uniform lithium deposition in AF-LMBs.
• This approach significantly enhances the cycling stability and energy density of high-loading AF-LMBs.
• The study presents a novel method for advancing AF-LMB technology towards practical applications.