Glymphatic influx and clearance are perturbed in Huntington's disease

The accumulation of mutant huntingtin protein aggregates in neurons is a pathological hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD). The glymphatic system, a brain-wide perivascular network, facilitates the exchange of interstitial fluid and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), supporting interstitial solute clearance of brain wastes. In this study, we employed dynamic glucose-enhanced (DGE) MRI to measure d-glucose clearance from CSF as a tool to predict glymphatic function in a mouse model of HD. We found significantly diminished CSF clearance efficiency in HD mice before phenotypic onset. The impairment of CSF clearance efficiency worsened with disease progression. These DGE MRI findings in compromised glymphatic function were further verified with fluorescence-based imaging of CSF tracer influx, suggesting an impaired glymphatic function in premanifest HD. Moreover, expression of the astroglial water channel aquaporin-4 in the perivascular compartment, a key mediator of glymphatic function, was significantly diminished in both HD mouse brain and human HD brain. Our data, acquired using a clinically translatable MRI, indicate a perturbed glymphatic network in the HD brain. Further validation of these findings in clinical studies will provide insights into the potential of glymphatic clearance as a therapeutic target as well as an early biomarker in HD.