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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Infertility in Males01:23

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

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The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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Decoding the pathogenesis of spermatogenic failure in cryptorchidism through single-cell transcriptomic profiling.

Xiaoyan Wang1, Qiang Liu2, Ziyan Zhuang3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; Beijing Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Beijing, China.

Cell Reports. Medicine
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PubMed
Summary

Undescended testis (cryptorchidism) impairs sperm production by affecting sperm stem cells. Activated mast cells contribute to testicular damage and fibrosis, offering new diagnostic and therapeutic targets.

Keywords:
cryptorchidismmale infertilityspermatogonial stem cellstesticular interstitial fibrosis

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cellular and Molecular Medicine

Background:

  • Cryptorchidism, or undescended testis, affects 1%-9% of male newborns, increasing risks of infertility and testicular cancer.
  • The precise mechanisms of male infertility in cryptorchidism are not fully understood.
  • Understanding the cellular and molecular basis of cryptorchidism is crucial for developing effective treatments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the single-cell transcriptomic landscape of testicular cells in adult males with cryptorchidism.
  • To identify the cellular players and molecular pathways involved in cryptorchidism-associated infertility and testicular pathology.
  • To explore the role of immune cells, particularly mast cells, in the pathogenesis of cryptorchidism.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of 46,644 testicular cells from adult males with cryptorchidism and healthy controls.
  • Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles to identify differentially expressed genes and cellular functions.
  • Assessment of mast cell activation markers and secretory proteins in testicular tissue and seminal plasma.

Main Results:

  • Spermatogenesis defects in cryptorchidism are linked to impaired spermatogonium self-renewal and differentiation.
  • Activated mast cells and their degranulation were observed in the testes of individuals with cryptorchidism.
  • Mast cells contribute to interstitial fibrosis through the secretion of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and cathepsin G.
  • Elevated levels of mast cell secretory proteins in seminal plasma correlate with testicular fibrosis in cryptorchidism.

Conclusions:

  • Cryptorchidism-associated infertility stems from dysregulation of spermatogonial stem cells.
  • Mast cell activation and degranulation play a significant role in testicular fibrosis and pathogenesis of cryptorchidism.
  • Seminal plasma analysis of secretory proteins may serve as a biomarker for mast cell activation and testicular fibrosis in cryptorchidism.
  • These findings provide insights for improved diagnosis and targeted therapies for cryptorchidism.