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Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Defenses Against Pathogens and Herbivores

Plants present a rich source of nutrients for many organisms, making it a target for herbivores and infectious agents. Plants, though lacking a proper immune system, have developed an array of constitutive and inducible defenses to fend off these attacks.

The Apoplast and Symplast

The Apoplast and Symplast

Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...

The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition

The Roles of Bacteria and Fungi in Plant Nutrition

Plants have the impressive ability to create their own food through photosynthesis. However, plants often require assistance from organisms in the soil to acquire the nutrients they need to function correctly. Both bacteria and fungi have evolved symbiotic relationships with plants that help the species to thrive in a wide variety of environments.

Plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance Transport of Resources

Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Agroinfiltration and PVX Agroinfection in Potato and Nicotiana benthamiana

Published on: January 3, 2014

Roadmap to Success: How Oomycete Plant Pathogens Invade Tissues and Deliver Effectors.

Edouard Evangelisti^1,2, Francine Govers²

¹Current affiliation: Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA, Sophia Antipolis, France;

Annual Review of Microbiology

|September 3, 2024

Summary

Filamentous plant pathogens use sophisticated logistics for infection, including novel invasion methods and effector delivery. Understanding these strategies is key to developing sustainable crop protection against these threats.

Keywords:

appressorium effector haustorium logistics morphogenesis oomycetes secretion

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Area of Science:

Plant pathology
Molecular biology
Ecology

Background:

Filamentous plant pathogens pose significant threats to global food security and ecosystem stability.
Understanding plant-pathogen interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective control strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight recent breakthroughs in the infection cell biology of filamentous plant pathogens.
To explore novel pathogen invasion mechanisms and effector secretion routes.
To identify plant cellular components involved in effector uptake.

Main Methods:

Biophysical characterization of pathogen invasion mechanisms.
Investigation of effector secretion pathways.
Analysis of plant cellular networks involved in intracellular effector uptake.

Main Results:

Characterization of a novel pathogen invasion mechanism termed 'naifu invasion'.
Discovery of new routes for effector secretion by pathogens.
Identification of plant cell components responsible for intracellular effector uptake.

Conclusions:

Pathogen infection involves complex logistics, from pre-colonization to tissue invasion.
Advances in understanding these processes offer new opportunities for developing eco-friendly crop protection methods.
Reducing reliance on agrochemicals necessitates deeper insights into plant-pathogen molecular interactions.