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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Establishment of Rat Models Mimicking Gender-affirming Hormone Therapies
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Individually customized gender affirming genital procedures: techniques and considerations.

Mona Ascha1, Siri Rigsby2, Maia Shoham3

  • 1Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, United States.

The Journal of Sexual Medicine
|September 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces less common gender-affirming genital surgeries, including phallus-preserving vaginoplasty and vagina-preserving phalloplasty. These customized procedures may better align with the identities and preserve sexual function for some transgender and gender-diverse individuals.

Keywords:
gender surgerygenital surgeryindividually customized

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Area of Science:

  • Medical research
  • Surgical innovation
  • Gender-affirming care

Background:

  • Gender-affirming surgery is increasingly sought by transgender and gender-diverse individuals.
  • Some patients desire surgical outcomes beyond traditional binary procedures like vaginoplasty or phalloplasty.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe surgical techniques for less common gender-affirming genital procedures.
  • To introduce these techniques to the medical and surgical community.

Main Methods:

  • Description of operative techniques for phallus-preserving vaginoplasty.
  • Description of operative techniques for vagina-preserving phalloplasty.
  • Description of techniques for removal of genitalia with creation of perineal urethrostomy.

Main Results:

  • Surgical techniques for three less common procedures are detailed.
  • Demographic data and complications were reported for 16 patients undergoing these procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Customized gender-affirming genital procedures can better affirm patient identities.
  • These techniques may preserve sexual function of natal genitalia.
  • Phallus-preserving vaginoplasty, vagina-preserving phalloplasty, and perineal urethrostomy are examples of such individualized surgeries.