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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

Multi-step Variable Height Photolithography for Valved Multilayer Microfluidic Devices
Published on: January 27, 2017
High-resolution stereolithography: Negative spaces enabled by control of fluid mechanics
Ian A Coates1, William Pan2, Max A Saccone1,3
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
Abstract:
Stereolithography enables the fabrication of three-dimensional (3D) freeform structures via light-induced polymerization. However, the accumulation of ultraviolet dose within resin trapped in negative spaces, such as microfluidic channels or voids, can result in the unintended closing, referred to as overcuring, of these negative spaces. We report the use of injection continuous liquid interface production to continuously displace resin at risk of overcuring in negative spaces created in previous layers with fresh resin to mitigate the loss of Z-axis resolution. We demonstrate the ability to resolve 50-μm microchannels, breaking the historical relationship between resin properties and negative space resolution. With this approach, we fabricated proof-of-concept 3D free-form microfluidic devices with improved design freedom over device material selection and resulting properties.
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