Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

205
Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
205
Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System01:15

Functional Brain Systems: Limbic System

2.4K
The limbic system, often called the "emotional brain," is a complex set of structures located deep within the brain. The intricate network of the limbic system supports a wide range of psychological functions, from emotional regulation to memory formation and sensory processing. This functional brain region encompasses specific parts of the diencephalon and the cerebrum, integrating the higher mental functions of the cerebral cortex with the primitive emotional responses of the deep brain...
2.4K
Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst01:25

Primary Motives: Hunger and Thirst

170
Hunger and thirst are fundamental physiological drives crucial for maintaining homeostasis and ensuring the survival of both humans and animals. These drives are regulated through complex interactions between the brain, hormones, and sensory receptors.
Hunger arises when the brain detects changes in the body's nutrient levels, including glucose, lipids, amino acids, and hormones such as ghrelin and leptin. The hypothalamus plays a central role in hunger regulation. The lateral hypothalamus...
170
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis01:37

Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis

59.7K
The response to stress—be it physical or psychological, acute or chronic—involves activation of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) axis. The HPA axis is part of the neuroendocrine system because it involves both neuronal and hormonal communication. Its function is to regulate homeostatic systems—metabolic, cardiovascular, and immune—providing the necessary means to respond to a stressor.
59.7K
Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions01:30

Diencephalon: Anatomical Regions

1.7K
The diencephalon, etymologically translated as 'through brain,' plays an integral role as the conduit between the cerebrum and the vast extent of the nervous system. However, the olfactory system is an exception, as it interfaces directly with the cerebrum. The diencephalon, deeply ensconced beneath the cerebrum, primarily consists of three paired structures — the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithelamus. It also includes accessory structures such as the subthalamus, which houses the...
1.7K
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination01:23

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

1.4K
The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...
1.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

PLX3397 Reshapes Hepatic Lipid Metabolism Independent of Microglial Depletion.

Neuroscience bulletin·2026
Same author

MiR-26b-5p Predicts the Severity of Crohn's Disease and the Degree of Malnutrition.

Folia biologica·2026
Same author

Plasma proteomic signatures of childhood adversity.

Protein & cell·2026
Same author

Rational design of G<sub>i</sub>-biased CB1 agonist with reduced side effects.

Cell·2026
Same author

Putting the Brakes on Thirst: A Neural Circuit for Anticipatory Fluid Control.

Neuroscience bulletin·2026
Same author

Delta Opioid Receptors within the Cortico-Thalamic Circuitry Underlie Hyperactivity Induced by High-Dose Morphine.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior
09:26

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Published on: January 5, 2021

6.7K

Hypothalamic-hindbrain circuit for consumption-induced fear regulation.

Qin Wang1, Rui-Yue Sun1, Jia-Xue Hu1

  • 1Department of Neurobiology and Department of Psychiatry of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.

Nature Communications
|September 4, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Animals can suppress fear during feeding via a newly discovered brain circuit. This lateral hypothalamic (LH) GAD2 to nucleus incertus (NI) relaxin-3 (RLN3) pathway helps balance nutrient intake and threat avoidance.

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Accessible M&amp;M-Based Mouse Model for Investigating Binge Eating Disorder - Insights into Eating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Neural Mechanisms
05:15

Author Spotlight: Accessible M&M-Based Mouse Model for Investigating Binge Eating Disorder - Insights into Eating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Neural Mechanisms

Published on: January 10, 2025

758
Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
11:13

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Published on: April 5, 2016

15.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior
09:26

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

Published on: January 5, 2021

6.7K
Author Spotlight: Accessible M&amp;M-Based Mouse Model for Investigating Binge Eating Disorder - Insights into Eating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Neural Mechanisms
05:15

Author Spotlight: Accessible M&M-Based Mouse Model for Investigating Binge Eating Disorder - Insights into Eating Behaviors, Anxiety, and Neural Mechanisms

Published on: January 10, 2025

758
Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
11:13

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Published on: April 5, 2016

15.9K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Behavioral Biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Animals must balance feeding with threat detection for survival.
  • Mechanisms for suppressing fear during feeding are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural circuits involved in suppressing fear responses during food consumption.
  • To elucidate how animals coordinate nutrient intake with threat avoidance.

Main Methods:

  • Used fear-conditioned stimuli (CS) during food consumption in male mice.
  • Investigated neural projections from lateral hypothalamic (LH) GAD2 neurons to nucleus incertus (NI) relaxin-3 (RLN3)-expressing neurons.
  • Examined the role of the lateral mammillary nucleus (LM) in modulating fear responses.

Main Results:

  • Activation of the LHGAD2-NIRLN3 neural circuit reduced CS-induced freezing behavior.
  • NIRLN3 neurons projected to the LM, where RLN3 signaling decreased freezing.
  • This circuit effectively modulated fear responses during feeding.

Conclusions:

  • Identified a novel LHGAD2-NIRLN3-LM circuit that suppresses fear during feeding.
  • This circuit plays a crucial role in coordinating feeding behavior with threat avoidance.
  • Provides new insights into the neurobiological basis of survival strategies.