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Updated: Jun 14, 2025

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An integrated dual process model in predicting e-cigarette use in undergraduate students.

Daniel J Phipps1,2, Natasha J Nott2, Kyra Hamilton1,2,3

  • 1Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.

Applied Psychology. Health and Well-Being
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Young adults

Keywords:
e‐cigaretteshabitimplicit attituderisk perceptiontheory of planned behaviorvaping

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Public Health
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • E-cigarette use is a growing global concern, particularly among young people with no prior nicotine experience.
  • Concerns exist regarding the addictive nature and health impacts of e-cigarette or vape devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test an integrated dual process model predicting e-cigarette use in young Australian undergraduates.
  • To identify key psychological predictors of e-cigarette intention and use.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study of 363 young Australian undergraduates.
  • Utilized the theory of planned behavior, supplemented with risk perception, e-cigarette dependence, habit, and implicit attitude measures.

Main Results:

  • Intention to use was predicted by affective attitude, subjective norm, and dependence.
  • E-cigarette use was predicted by dependence, intention, habit, implicit attitude, and prior nicotine use.
  • Perceived behavioral control and risk perception were not significant direct predictors.

Conclusions:

  • Psychological factors like affective attitude, subjective norm, and dependence are key predictors of e-cigarette use intention and behavior.
  • Interventions should focus on affective/normative beliefs and automatic processes, rather than solely on perceived health impacts or control.