Ecosystem regime shifts and its application prospects to ecosystem management in cold and arid regions

Ecosystem regime shifts refer to the drastically changes of an ecosystem from one state to another after suffering disturbances that exceed the thresholds. Although land desertification and grassland degradation, which are common in the cold and arid regions, are gradual processes, sudden changes can also occur when the duration or intensity of disturbances exceed the thresholds. Therefore, the study of ecosystem regime shifts is of great significance to the management of ecosystems in cold and arid regions. In this review, we summarized the evolution of ecosystem regime shift theory and early warning signals, and analyzed the problems of land desertification and grassland degradation in cold and arid regions, as well as potential responses of ecosystems to different stresses. We further put forward research frameworks for the evolution and mutation characteristics of the rain-fed artificial sand fixation system and alpine meadows. The future research needed to be strengthened in identifying the key drivers of ecosystem regime shifts at different stages, determining the corresponding thresholds, emphasizing the mechanism of water-limited mutation induced by extreme climatic events and its early warning, and promoting the application of regime shift research to ecosystem management in arid and arid regions.