From Meshes to Minimally Invasive Techniques: A Comprehensive Review of Modern Hernia Repair Approaches

Hernias are a common medical condition characterized by the protrusion of organs or tissues through weakened muscle walls, affecting millions worldwide annually. Historically, from being treated with open surgeries using tension-free mesh repairs, the landscape of hernia repair has evolved significantly. This evolution has been marked by the advent and refinement of minimally invasive techniques, including laparoscopic and robotic-assisted approaches, which offer reduced postoperative pain, shorter recovery times, and improved patient outcomes compared to traditional methods. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the evolution of hernia repair techniques, emphasizing the transition from conventional mesh repairs to advanced minimally invasive methodologies. By examining the historical progression and current state of hernia surgery, this review thoroughly analyzes the advancements in surgical techniques, materials, and technologies. Furthermore, it explores emerging trends such as biological meshes, ultrasound-guided procedures, and 3D printing applications in hernia repair. The clinical significance of these advancements lies in their potential to enhance the patient's quality of life, minimize complications, and optimize healthcare resource utilization. Insights gained from this review will inform clinicians and researchers about the efficacy, safety, and comparative effectiveness of various hernia repair approaches, guiding future directions in hernia management and fostering innovation in surgical practice.