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Related Concept Videos

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
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MAPK Signaling Cascades01:07

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Mitogen-activated protein kinase, or MAPK pathway, activates three sequential kinases to regulate cellular responses such as proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. The canonical MAPK pathway starts with a mitogen or growth factor binding to an RTK. The activated RTKs stimulate Ras, which recruits Raf or MAP3 Kinase (MAPKKK), the first kinase of the MAPK signaling cascade. Raf further phosphorylates and activates MEK or MAP2 Kinases (MAPKK), which in turn phosphorylates MAP...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
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Amplifying Signals via Enzymatic Cascade01:22

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When a ligand binds to a cell-surface receptor, the receptor's intracellular domain changes shape, which may either activate its enzyme function or allow its binding to other molecules. The initial signal is amplified by most signal transduction pathways. This means that a single ligand molecule can activate multiple molecules of a downstream target. Proteins that relay a signal are most commonly phosphorylated at one or more sites, activating or inactivating the protein. Kinases catalyze...
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Intracellular Signaling Cascades01:24

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Once a ligand binds to a receptor, the signal is transmitted through the membrane and into the cytoplasm. The continuation of a signal in this manner is called signal transduction. Signal transduction only occurs with cell-surface receptors, which cannot interact with most components of the cell, such as DNA. Only internal receptors can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus to initiate protein synthesis. When a ligand binds to its receptor, conformational changes occur that affect the...
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Engineering signalling pathways in mammalian cells.

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Scientists engineered mammalian cells by rewiring signaling pathways, enabling new functions like photosynthesis and cancer detection. This genetic engineering advances cell biology, biomedical research, and drug discovery.

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Genetic Engineering
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Signaling pathways are crucial for mammalian cell functions like growth, differentiation, and survival.
  • Existing signaling networks are complex and essential for cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe novel genetic-engineering technologies for rewiring mammalian cell signaling networks.
  • To explore the potential for designing new cellular functions through pathway engineering.

Main Methods:

  • Recombination of native pathway components.
  • Cross-kingdom pathway transplantation.
  • Development of de novo signaling pathways within cells and organelles.

Main Results:

  • Mammalian cells can be engineered to acquire new properties, including photosynthesis and detection of specific cell markers.
  • Engineered cells can synthesize hormones or metabolites in response to stimuli.
  • Applications in biocomputing are reviewed.

Conclusions:

  • Genetic engineering of signaling pathways significantly advances basic cellular biology.
  • These technologies hold promise for biomedical research and drug discovery.
  • The ability to design and rewire signaling networks opens new avenues for cellular engineering.