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Updated: Jun 24, 2026

A Protocol to Evaluate and Quantify Retinal Pigmented Epithelium Pathologies in Mouse Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Published on: March 10, 2023
A potential biomarker for age-related macular degeneration disease: iris freckles
1Faculty of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Giresun University, Giresun, 28100, Turkey. hakankoc9@hotmail.com.
Backgraund:
To determine the potential relationship between age-related macular degeneration and iris freckles.
Method:
In this case-control study, iris photographs of 300 eyes of 300 patients diagnosed with age-related macular degeneration and 300 eyes of 300 healthy volunteers were obtained with the help of a high-resolution mobile phone camera. The evaluated iris photographs were classified according to the Descriptive Iris Color Classification Scale.
Results:
The average age of the AMD group is 73.05 ± 6.93, and the average age of the control group is 73.43 ± 5.72. (p = 0.124) While freckles were present in 200 (66.7%) of the patients in the AMD group, freckles were not observed in 100 patients (33.3%) of AMD group. While freckles were present in 142 (47.3%) of the patients in the control group, freckles were not observed in 158 of control group(52.7%). There was a significant difference in the presence of freckles between the two groups. (p < 0.001) The average number of freckles in the AMD group was 3.97 ± 3.07, and the number of freckles in the control group was 3.06 ± 2.55. (p = 0.001) CONCLUSION: We think that evaluation of iris details, especially the presence of iris freckles, should be used routinely in age-related macular degeneration screening. The risk of age-related macular degeneration can be predicted by evaluating iris details, which is an easy and inexpensive method.
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