Evaluation of Multidetector Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Intestinal Obstruction

Background Acute intestinal obstruction is a commonly encountered surgical emergency that is prevalent worldwide and has substantial morbidity and fatality rates. Therefore, swift and precise diagnosis is essential. While mortality rates in urban areas have declined due to timely medical intervention following early detection, the situation contrasts starkly in rural areas. Delays in presentations often lead to complications because of hesitancy toward surgery, economic challenges, and limited access to healthcare information. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate how well multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) can help determine the site, cause, and level of intestinal obstruction compared to what the surgeons confirmed intraoperatively. Methodology A prospective study involving 101 patients was conducted at a tertiary care center in western Maharashtra from July 2022 to July 2024. The emergency department referred patients with clinical symptoms such as nausea and vomiting, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, inability to pass flatus, constipation, or diarrhea, which are commonly seen with intestinal obstruction. The study involved all patients who underwent a contrast-enhanced MDCT scan using both intravenous and oral contrast agents. We selected patients from both genders, regardless of their age; however, considerations were taken to include characteristics convenient and relevant to the study. Patients with abnormal serum creatinine levels or allergies to contrast were excluded from the study. We conducted CT examinations, noting findings such as the transition point between the dilated and collapsed loops, mesenteric fat stranding, and intestinal dilatation. An experienced radiologist made the final report, and the operating surgeons' notes on laparoscopy or open surgery for the same patient were reviewed to understand the operative findings. Results MDCT scans had high diagnostic accuracy for small and large bowel obstruction. Of the 101 patients, the mean age was 43.7 years. There were 70 (69.30%) males and 31 (30.69%) females. Sensitivity was 100%, specificity was 98.1%, positive predictive value was 83.7%, and negative predictive value was 100%. Conclusions MDCT demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing and determining the underlying cause of intestinal obstruction. It identified the location of the obstruction and discerned whether it originated from intrinsic, extrinsic, or intraluminal factors.