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Related Concept Videos

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Polymers02:34

Polymers

35.5K
The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

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Visible Light-Induced Polymerization to Access Polyamides.

Haiyan Hu1, Nan Zheng1, Wangze Song1

  • 1School of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|September 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Visible light photoredox catalysis enables green synthesis of diverse polyamides. This method yields high molecular weights and high yields under mild conditions without additives.

Keywords:
dithioacidpolyamidespolypeptidesvisible light‐induced polymerization

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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering
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Last Updated: Jun 14, 2025

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Facile Synthesis of Worm-like Micelles by Visible Light Mediated Dispersion Polymerization Using Photoredox Catalyst
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Monitoring the Effects of Illumination on the Structure of Conjugated Polymer Gels Using Neutron Scattering
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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Photocatalysis

Background:

  • Visible light polymerization is a green and promising strategy for creating value-added polymers.
  • Photoredox catalysis offers a novel approach to polymer synthesis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a visible light photoredox catalysis method for polyamide synthesis.
  • To achieve high yields and molecular weights in polyamide preparation.
  • To create structurally diverse polyamides under mild conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing dithioacids and diamines as monomers.
  • Employing 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium tetrafluoroborate (Mes-Acr-MeBF4) as an organic photoredox catalyst.
  • Conducting the polymerization under visible light in air.

Main Results:

  • A library of polyamides was synthesized with high yields (up to 99%).
  • Polyamides with high molecular weights (up to 71,000 g mol⁻¹) were obtained.
  • The method produced structurally diverse polyamides without metal, base, or additives.

Conclusions:

  • Visible light photoredox catalysis is an effective and green method for synthesizing polyamides.
  • This approach allows for the preparation of high-performance polyamides with tunable structures.
  • The absence of additives and mild conditions make this a sustainable polymerization technique.