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Measles in the Modern Era: A Review
Abstract:
Measles is a viral illness considered eliminated in the United States; however, outbreaks still occur even in this modern era where vaccines are readily available for every child under government-sponsored financing programs. The most recent measles outbreak was reported in March 2024 in Chicago, Illinois. Many of these patients were children younger than age 5 years with unvaccinated or unknown vaccine status, and this outbreak was associated with a migrant shelter. Measles bears a resemblance to other exanthemic diseases of childhood. In populations where there is high vaccine coverage, measles is less likely to be in the differential diagnosis for most physicians; however, cases of vaccine failure have been described, and populations have risk factors for developing complications associated with measles. Therefore, this quick review aims to describe an illustrative case, followed by epidemiology, clinical manifestations, complications, diagnosis, and vaccines associated with measles. By the end of this article, clinicians should be able to recognize a potential measles case, select the most appropriate test to confirm the diagnosis, and thus, prevent the spreading of this highly contagious disease. [.
Insights
Measles outbreaks occur despite vaccine availability, even in the US. This review covers measles epidemiology, diagnosis, and prevention to aid clinicians in identifying and managing this contagious viral illness.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Infectious Diseases
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Measles, a viral illness, is considered eliminated in the US, yet outbreaks persist.
- Recent outbreaks, like the March 2024 Chicago event, involve unvaccinated children and migrant populations.
- High vaccine coverage can lower measles suspicion but vaccine failure and complications remain concerns.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review measles epidemiology, clinical presentation, complications, diagnosis, and vaccines.
- To equip clinicians with knowledge to recognize, diagnose, and prevent measles spread.
- To highlight the importance of vaccination in controlling this highly contagious disease.
Main Methods:
- Case illustration of a measles presentation.
- Review of measles epidemiology and outbreak data.
- Discussion of clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and vaccination strategies.
Main Results:
- Measles remains a threat, particularly in unvaccinated populations.
- Early recognition and diagnosis are crucial for preventing transmission.
- Vaccination is the primary tool for measles control and prevention.
Conclusions:
- Clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion for measles, even in vaccinated populations.
- Accurate diagnosis and prompt public health interventions are essential.
- Continued emphasis on vaccination is critical to prevent future outbreaks.
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