Electrostimulation-Based Decellularized Matrix Bladder Patch Promotes Bladder Repair in Rats

Bladder tissue engineering offers significant potential for repairing defects resulting from congenital and acquired conditions. However, the effectiveness of engineered grafts is often constrained by insufficient vascularization and neural regeneration. This study utilized four primary biomaterials─gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA), chitin nanocrystals (ChiNC), titanium carbide (MXene), and adipose-derived stem cells (ADSC)─to formulate two types of bioinks, GCM0.2 and GCM0.2-ADSC, in specified proportions. These bioinks were 3D printed onto bladder acellular matrix (BAM) patches to create BAM-GCM0.2 and BAM-GCM0.2-ADSC patches. The BAM-GCM0.2-ADSC patches underwent electrical stimulation to yield GCM0.2-ADSC-ES bladder patches. Employed for the repair of rat bladder defects, these patches were evaluated against a Control group, which underwent partial cystectomy followed by direct suturing. Our findings indicate that the inclusion of ADSC and electrical stimulation significantly enhances the regeneration of rat bladder smooth muscle (from [24.052 ± 2.782] % to [57.380 ± 4.017] %), blood vessels (from [5.326 ± 0.703] % to [12.723 ± 1.440] %), and nerves (from [0.227 ± 0.017] % to [1.369 ± 0.218] %). This research underscores the superior bladder repair capabilities of the GCM0.2-ADSC-ES patch and opens new pathways for bladder defect repair.