Unlike overt movement, motor imagery cannot update internal models

In overt movement, internal models make predictions about the sensory consequences of a desired movement, generating the appropriate motor commands to achieve that movement. Using available sensory feedback, internal models are updated to allow for movement adaptation and in-turn better performance. Whether internal models are updated during motor imagery, the mental rehearsal of movement, is not well established. To investigate internal modelling during motor imagery, 66 participants were exposed to a leftwards prism shift while performing actual pointing movements (physical practice; PP), imagined pointing movements (motor imagery; MI), or no pointing movements (control). If motor imagery updates internal models, we hypothesized that aftereffects (pointing in the direction opposite the prism shift) would be observed in MI, like that of PP, and unlike that of control. After prism exposure, the magnitude of aftereffects was significant in PP (4.73° ± 1.56°), but not in MI (0.34° ± 0.96°) and control (0.34° ± 1.04°). Accordingly, PP differed significantly from MI and control. Our results show that motor imagery does not update internal models, suggesting that it is not a direct simulation of overt movement. Furthering our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie learning through motor imagery will lead to more effective applications of motor imagery.