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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Four odorants for olfactory training are enough: a pilot study.

Nicole Power Guerra1, Emely Kruschwitz2, Dietmar Krautwurst3

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Smell & Taste Clinic, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany. Nicole.powerguerra@ukdd.de.

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology : Official Journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : Affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
|September 6, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory training (OT) using 4 or 7 scents for 3 months improved smell function similarly in patients with olfactory disorders. The number of scents did not significantly impact the olfactory training outcomes.

Keywords:
COVID-19 related smell lossMOCA testOlfactory dysfunctionOlfactory trainingSeven odors olfactory training

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Science

Background:

  • Olfactory training (OT) is a common treatment for olfactory disorders, but optimal regimens are debated.
  • This study compares 3-month OT using 4 versus 7 scent items.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effectiveness of 4-item vs. 7-item olfactory training over 3 months.
  • To assess the impact of OT on olfactory function, smell thresholds, and related symptoms.

Main Methods:

  • 40 patients with olfactory dysfunction and 60 controls underwent 4-item or 7-item OT (or no OT for controls).
  • Assessments included n-butanol TDI score, specific odor thresholds, phantosmia/parosmia, cognitive function, and subjective ratings.
  • Measurements were taken before and after the 3-month intervention period.

Main Results:

  • Olfactory training (OT) significantly improved TDI scores in patients, irrespective of using 4 or 7 items.
  • A clinically significant 5.5-point increase in TDI score correlated with reduced parosmia and improved subjective olfactory function ratings.
  • OT outcomes were comparable between the 4-item and 7-item groups.

Conclusions:

  • Three months of olfactory training (OT) with either 4 or 7 odors yields similar improvements in olfactory function.
  • The number of scent items in OT may not be a critical factor for treatment success, though sample size warrants consideration.