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Prevalence, spatial distribution and determinants of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in
Tadesse Tarik Tamir1, Bewuketu Terefe2, Mulugeta Wassie3
1Department of Pediatrics and Child Health Nursing, School of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia. tadestar140@gmail.com.
Insights
In Ethiopia, only 53.94% of children received complete pneumococcal conjugate vaccination. Key factors influencing this include maternal age, antenatal care, and community literacy, highlighting areas for improved vaccine strategies.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
- Vaccinology
Background:
- Pneumococcal disease poses a significant global health threat, causing severe illnesses like pneumonia and meningitis.
- The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is a critical intervention to mitigate the impact of pneumococcal disease.
- Understanding vaccination coverage and its determinants is essential for effective public health strategies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the spatial distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination coverage in Ethiopia.
- To identify the key factors associated with complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Ethiopia.
Main Methods:
- Spatial and multilevel analysis of data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey.
- Inclusion of 2,055 weighted children in the analysis.
- Statistical analysis using adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals, with a significance level of p < 0.05.
Main Results:
- Complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination coverage in Ethiopia was 53.94%.
- Significant spatial variations in coverage were observed across Ethiopian regions, with lower rates in Afar, Somali, and SNNPR.
- Maternal age, antenatal care visits, place of delivery, region, community women's literacy, community poverty, and community ANC utilization were significant determinants.
Conclusions:
- Childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination coverage in Ethiopia exhibits significant spatial disparities.
- Maternal and community-level factors play a crucial role in determining vaccination uptake.
- Targeted interventions addressing identified determinants and low-coverage areas are necessary to improve PCV utilization and combat pneumococcal disease.
Introduction:
Pneumococcal disease is a serious global public health concern. The primary causative agent of severe illnesses such as pneumonia, meningitis, acute otitis media, and bacteremia is the pneumococcus bacterium. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a key strategy to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease. Understanding the spatial distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine utilization and its associated factors is crucial for designing strategies to improve vaccination implementation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination coverage and identify its determinants in Ethiopia.
Method:
A spatial and multilevel analysis was conducted using data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis included a total of 2,055 weighted children. The association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables was determined by calculating adjusted odds ratios at a 95% confidence interval. Explanatory variables were considered significantly associated with the outcome if the p-value was less than 0.05.
Result:
The prevalence of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Ethiopia was 53.94% (95% CI: 51.77, 56.08). Higher complete childhood pneumococcal vaccination coverage was observed in the Addis Ababa, Tigray, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Oromia regions, while lower coverage was seen in the Afar, Somali, and SNNPR regions of Ethiopia. Factors significantly associated with complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination included maternal age, antenatal care visits, place of delivery, region, community women's literacy level, community poverty level, and community antenatal care utilization.
Conclusion:
The distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination exhibited spatial variability across Ethiopia. Approximately half of children aged twelve to thirty-five months received the full dose of the childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the country. Several factors were identified as statistically significant determinants of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination, including maternal age, antenatal care visits, place of delivery, region, community women's literacy level, community poverty level, and community ANC utilization. Therefore, policies and strategies aimed at combating pneumococcal disease should consider these determinants and address areas with low vaccination coverage.
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