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Related Concept Videos

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II01:19

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Rate-Programmed II

Rate-programmed drug delivery systems release drugs in a controlled manner to maintain therapeutic levels. Three main designs include reservoir, matrix, and hybrid systems.Reservoir systems consist of a drug core enclosed within a membrane that controls drug release. In non-swelling reservoir systems, polymers like ethyl cellulose or polymethacrylates are used. These do not hydrate in aqueous media and control release through membrane thickness, porosity, or insolubility. This type includes...
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Modified-release drug delivery systems improve drug efficacy and minimize side effects by controlling the rate and location of drug release. These systems fall into three categories: rate-programmed, stimuli-activated, and site-targeted.Rate-programmed systems release drugs at a predetermined rate, maintaining consistent therapeutic levels and reducing fluctuations that could lead to toxicity or subtherapeutic effects. These systems use polymeric matrices, reservoir-based designs, or osmotic...
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Rate-programmed drug delivery systems (DDS) are designed to release drugs at specific, controlled rates to maintain consistent therapeutic levels. These systems are categorized based on their release mechanisms, including dissolution-controlled DDS, diffusion-controlled DDS, and combined dissolution-diffusion-controlled DDS.In dissolution-controlled DDS, the release rate depends on the slow dissolution of the drug itself or the surrounding matrix. Drugs with inherently slow dissolution rates,...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Stimuli-Activated01:30

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Stimuli-activated drug delivery systems are designed to release drugs in response to specific physical, chemical, or biological stimuli. These systems often utilize hydrogels—three-dimensional, hydrophilic polymer networks capable of swelling in aqueous environments and retaining significant fluid volumes. Upon exposure to particular stimuli, these hydrogels undergo structural transitions that allow the embedded drug to be released. Due to this adaptive behavior, such systems are also called...
Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted01:24

Modified-Release Drug Delivery Systems: Site-Targeted

Site-targeted drug delivery systems enhance therapeutic efficacy while minimizing systemic toxicity and treatment costs. Unlike conventional methods, these systems ensure precise drug delivery, improving bioavailability and reducing side effects. Targeted drug delivery is classified into three levels. First-order targeting directs drugs to the capillary beds of specific organs or tissues. Second-order targets specific cell types, such as tumor cells, using receptor-mediated interactions.
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Polymeric carriers enhance targeted drug delivery by increasing efficacy while minimizing off-target effects. These carriers comprise a biodegradable polymeric backbone integrated with functional elements that enable targeting, improve physicochemical properties, and regulate drug release.Targeting MechanismsThe targeting ability of polymeric carriers is mediated by a homing device, which is a molecular recognition component designed to selectively bind to specific tissues or cells. Monoclonal...

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Magnetic Miniature Soft Robot with Reprogrammable Drug-Dispensing Functionalities: Toward Advanced Targeted

Zilin Yang1, Changyu Xu1, Jia Xin Lee2

  • 1School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)
|September 9, 2024
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new millimeter-scale soft robot can precisely deliver four drugs in targeted combination therapy. This untethered actuator offers reprogrammable drug dispensing sequences and dosages for advanced medical treatments.

Keywords:
magnetic materialssmall‐scale actuatorssoft mattertargeted drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Robotics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Miniature robots offer potential for targeted drug delivery, improving treatment efficacy and reducing complications.
  • Current miniature robots lack the capability for advanced targeted combination therapy, limited by drug capacity, dispensing control, and multi-site delivery.
  • Existing multi-drug robots cannot adjust drug sequence, dosage, or selectively dispense medications across multiple locations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a millimeter-scale soft robot capable of advanced targeted combination therapy.
  • To enable precise, programmable delivery of multiple drugs with adjustable sequences and dosages.
  • To overcome limitations of existing miniature robots in drug delivery precision and versatility.

Main Methods:

  • A millimeter-scale soft robot actuated by alternating magnetic fields was designed and fabricated.
  • The robot was engineered for six degrees-of-freedom motion, including rolling and two-anchor crawling.
  • Capabilities for dispensing four types of drugs with reprogrammable sequences and dosages were integrated.

Main Results:

  • The soft robot successfully dispensed four types of drugs with controlled rates (0.0992-0.231 µL h⁻¹).
  • The robot demonstrated precise navigation and drug delivery to multiple sites in unstructured environments.
  • Negligible drug leakage was observed during mobility and dispensing, highlighting its reliability.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed millimeter-scale soft robot represents a significant advancement in miniature robotic drug delivery.
  • This technology enables unprecedented dexterity for advanced targeted combination therapy with multiple drugs.
  • The robot's capabilities hold great potential for revolutionizing personalized medicine and complex treatment strategies.