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Isotopes and Radioisotopes01:28

Isotopes and Radioisotopes

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In the early 1900s, English chemist Frederick Soddy realized that an element could have atoms with different masses that were chemically indistinguishable. These different types are called isotopes — atoms of the same element that differ in mass. Isotopes differ in mass because they have different numbers of neutrons but are chemically identical because they have the same number of protons. Soddy was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1921 for this discovery.
An isotope containing...
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Isotopes01:12

Isotopes

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Elements have a set number of protons that determines their atomic number (Z). For example, all atoms with eight protons are oxygen; however, the number of neutrons can vary for atoms of the same element. The sum of the number of protons and the number of neutrons is the mass number (A). Atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers are called isotopes. Elements can have multiple isotopes, for example, carbon-12, carbon-13, and carbon-14.
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Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect01:13

Mass Spectrometry: Isotope Effect

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Most elements exist in nature as a mixture of isotopes. The isotopes differ in weight due to their respective number of neutrons. The molecular weight of a molecule is different depending on the specific isotope of its elements involved. As a result, the mass spectrum of the molecule exhibits peaks from the same fragment at multiple positions. The positions of these mass signals depend on the difference between the molecular mass. Furthermore, the intensity of these signals is dependent on the...
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¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

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The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)01:15

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The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For...
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Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

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Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
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Sampling and Pretreatment of Tooth Enamel Carbonate for Stable Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Analysis
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High density information storage through isotope ratio encoding.

Petra Sőregi1,2, Márton Zwillinger1, Lajos Vágó3

  • 1Servier Research Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Záhony utca 7 1031 Budapest Hungary andras.kotschy@servier.com.

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This study explores using mixtures of deuterated molecules for data storage. Mass spectrometry fingerprints of these mixtures can store over 130 million unique combinations, offering a secure and counterfeit-resistant information storage solution.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Information Science

Background:

  • Reliable information storage solutions are increasingly in demand.
  • Sequence-defined polymers and compound mixtures are current methods for data storage.
  • Isotopologue mixtures offer a novel approach to information encoding.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the use of isotopologue mixtures for information storage via mass spectrometry (MS) fingerprinting.
  • To synthesize and characterize a range of deuterated compounds for encoding information.
  • To demonstrate the feasibility of distinguishing unique MS fingerprints for secure data storage.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of a model small molecule with 24 hydrogen atoms across a D0-D24 deuteration range.
  • Theoretical prediction of encoding capacity for mixtures of synthesized components.
  • Preparation and MS fingerprinting of selected mixtures.
  • Analysis of MS data to determine mixture composition and assess uniqueness.

Main Results:

  • Theoretical analysis predicted over 130 million unique combinations using up to 10 components.
  • Experimental MS fingerprinting successfully and unambiguously identified the composition of prepared mixtures.
  • Demonstrated the ability to create unique MS fingerprints, hindering counterfeiting.
  • Showcased the application of isotope ratio encoding in covalent tagging.

Conclusions:

  • Mixtures of isotopologues provide a viable method for high-capacity information storage.
  • Mass spectrometry fingerprinting of these mixtures allows for unambiguous data retrieval.
  • The developed method offers enhanced security against counterfeiting and has potential applications in covalent tagging.