How Do Trainees Use EPAs to Regulate Their Learning in the Clinical Environment? A Grounded Theory Study

Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) can potentially support self-regulated learning in the clinical environment. However, critics of EPAs express doubts as they see potential harms, like checkbox behaviour. This study explores how GP-trainees use EPAs in the clinical environment through the lens of self-regulated learning theory and addresses the question of whether EPAs help or hinder trainees' learning in a clinical environment.

Using constructivist grounded theory methodology, a purposive and theoretical sample of GP-trainees across different years of training were interviewed. Two PICTOR interviews were added to refine and confirm constructed theory. Data collection and analysis followed principles of constant comparative analysis.

Trainees experience both hindering and helping influences of EPAs and self-regulate their learning by balancing these influences throughout GP-placements. Three consecutive stages were constructed each with different use of EPAs: adaptation, taking control, and checking the boxes. EPAs were most helpful in the 'taking control' stage. EPAs hindered self-regulated learning most during the final stage of training as trainees had other learning goals and experienced assessment of EPAs as bureaucratic and demotivating. Regularly discussing EPAs with supervisors helped to focus on specific learning goals, create opportunities for learning, and generate task-oriented feedback.

EPAs can both help and hinder self-regulated learning. How trainees balance both influences changes over time. Therefore, placements need to be at least long enough to enable trainees to gain and maintain control of learning. Supervisors and teachers should assist trainees in balancing the hindering and helping influences of EPAs.