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Related Concept Videos

Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.
Veneer01:19

Veneer

Veneer refers to a thin sheet of wood, typically produced to a thickness of about one-eighth of an inch or less. This material is crafted through various methods, the most common being rotary cutting. In this process, a log is mounted into a large lathe and spun against a knife edge, peeling off a continuous strip of wood as the knife penetrates deeper into the rotating log, creating a rotary-cut veneer.
Other veneering techniques include plain-slicing, quarter-slicing, and rift-slicing. These...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 21, 2026

Shrinkage of Dental Composite in Simulated Cavity Measured with Digital Image Correlation
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Can discolored dental composites be bleached in depth?

Luca Giachetti1, Daniele Scaminaci Russo1, Michele Nieri1

  • 1Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Unit of Dentistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.

Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics
|September 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This study found that teeth whitening agents effectively restore the original whiteness of stained nano-filled resin composite, particularly in superficial layers. The effectiveness penetrates up to 1.5 mm into the material.

Keywords:
Bleaching agentsColorComposite resins, Food coloring agentsTooth bleachingTooth discoloration

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Area of Science:

  • Dental Materials Science
  • Aesthetic Dentistry
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Previous in vitro studies have assessed the whitening effects of bleaching agents on stained resin composite surfaces.
  • Understanding the depth of whitening effectiveness within composite resin is crucial for clinical application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effectiveness of a whitening system on nano-filled composite resin previously subjected to coffee staining.
  • To determine the depth of whitening effectiveness within the composite resin material structure.

Main Methods:

  • Nano-filled composite resin specimens were stained with a coffee solution.
  • A 10% carbamide peroxide gel was used as the whitening agent.
  • Color (CieLab values) was measured at 14 points from the surface to 3.0 mm depth to assess pigment penetration and bleaching effect.

Main Results:

  • Statistically significant differences were observed between control, stained, and whitened groups.
  • The whitening agent demonstrated effectiveness up to 1.5 mm in depth.
  • Whiteness index values were not statistically different from the control group up to 0.5 mm depth.

Conclusions:

  • Whitening agents are effective in restoring the original whiteness of previously pigmented nano-filled resin composite.
  • The restorative effect is most pronounced in the superficial layers of the composite material.
  • The depth of whitening effectiveness is limited, particularly in deeper layers of the composite.