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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
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Diverse BCR usage and T cell activation induced by different COVID-19 sequential vaccinations.

Junxiang Wang1, Kaiyi Li1, Yuan Wang1

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease and National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.

Mbio
|September 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Different COVID-19 vaccine strategies elicit distinct SARS-CoV-2 antibody profiles and T/B cell responses. Sequential vaccination impacts B cell receptor usage and T cell differentiation, influencing immune protection mechanisms.

Keywords:
BCR usageSARS-CoV-2T cellsvaccine

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Virology

Background:

  • Limited understanding exists regarding SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody breadth and T cell differentiation across diverse COVID-19 sequential vaccination strategies.
  • Comparing immunogenicity of third doses of mRNA, adenoviral vector, and recombinant protein vaccines is crucial for optimizing vaccination protocols.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the immunogenicity of sequential mRNA (I-I-M), adenoviral vector (I-I-A), and recombinant protein (I-I-R) COVID-19 vaccine strategies.
  • To analyze differences in antibody response magnitude and breadth, and SARS-CoV-2 specific T and B cell differentiation.
  • To provide insights guiding the selection of future vaccination strategies based on immune response profiles.

Main Methods:

  • A single clinical trial cohort received sequential vaccinations with mRNA, adenoviral vector, or recombinant protein COVID-19 vaccines.
  • Samples were assessed in the same laboratory to ensure consistency.
  • Analysis included dominant B cell receptor (BCR) usage, RBD+ B cell activation, regulatory T cells, circulating T follicular helper cells (cTFH), and virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses.

Main Results:

  • Distinct dominant BCR usages were observed for each vaccination strategy (IGHV1-69 for I-I-M, IGHV3-9 for I-I-A, IGHV4-34 for I-I-R), with comparable RBD+ B cell activation.
  • The I-I-R group showed higher regulatory T cells, various cTFH subsets, and lower T cell proliferative capacity compared to I-I-M and I-I-A.
  • The I-I-A group exhibited a higher proportion and number of virus-specific CD4+ T cells than the I-I-R group.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential COVID-19 vaccination strategies induce distinct SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody profiles, BCR usage, and T/B cell activation patterns.
  • Recombinant protein vaccines modulate T cell populations differently, while adenoviral vector vaccines enhance virus-specific CD4+ T cell responses.
  • These findings offer valuable insights into the immunological mechanisms underlying vaccine efficacy and inform future vaccination strategy selection.