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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.0K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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Immunostaining for DNA Modifications: Computational Analysis of Confocal Images
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Now and then in eukaryotic DNA methylation.

Richard A Stein1, Faris E Gomaa1, Pranaya Raparla1

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, NYU Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, New York, United States.

Physiological Genomics
|September 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Innovative methods for detecting DNA methylation have revolutionized our understanding of epigenetics. This review highlights key advances in DNA methylation research, including its role in development, disease, and aging.

Keywords:
DNA methylationdemethylationdevelopmentepigeneticsgene expression

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Area of Science:

  • Epigenetics and Molecular Biology
  • Genomics
  • Biomedical Research

Background:

  • DNA methylation is a crucial epigenetic modification influencing gene expression and cellular processes.
  • Advances in detection methods since the 1970s have significantly deepened our understanding of DNA methylation's role.
  • This epigenetic mechanism is fundamental to development, disease, and evolutionary processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review significant advancements in DNA methylation research over the past three decades.
  • To highlight the impact of these discoveries on various scientific fields.
  • To emphasize the clinical and evolutionary implications of DNA methylation studies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of key scientific literature and technological developments in DNA methylation detection.
  • Analysis of studies focusing on 5-methylcytosine oxidation, DNA methyltransferases, and epigenetic clocks.
  • Synthesis of findings related to DNA methylation in development, disease, aging, and extinct species.

Main Results:

  • Elucidation of 5-methylcytosine oxidation mechanisms, revealing epigenetic reversibility.
  • Structural characterization of DNA methyltransferases, providing insights into disease-associated mutations.
  • Development of epigenetic clocks for aging and disease research.
  • Emergence of DNA methylation as a target for biomarkers and therapies.
  • Application of DNA methylation analysis to study extinct species' biology.

Conclusions:

  • DNA methylation research has undergone transformative progress, impacting multiple disciplines.
  • Understanding DNA methylation dynamics is critical for advancing biomedical research, drug development, and evolutionary studies.
  • Future directions include further exploration of epigenetic biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.