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Related Concept Videos

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

190
Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
190
Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants01:27

Upper Respiratory Drugs: Decongestants

175
Decongestants are a class of medications used primarily to alleviate nasal congestion, a common symptom resulting from allergies, colds, sinusitis, and other upper respiratory tract infections. These drugs work by activating α-adrenergic receptors, constricting small blood vessels in the nasal membranes. This action results in the opening of clogged nasal passages, thereby facilitating sinus drainage and relieving congestion.
Most decongestants are readily available over-the-counter in...
175
Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines01:15

Upper Respiratory Drugs: First and Second-Generation Antihistamines

223
Antihistamines are a class of drugs widely used to alleviate the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and nasal congestion. They work by inhibiting the actions of histamine, which is released by immune cells in response to allergenic substances or tissue injuries.
Histamine binds to specific receptor sites, known as H1 receptors, on tissue cells, triggering inflammation and swelling. Antihistamines combat these effects by competing with histamine for these receptor sites. By...
223
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

228
Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...
228
Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:17

Drugs Used in Lower Respiratory Disorders: Overview

362
Lower respiratory tract disorders present challenges that often require skilled and nuanced approaches for effective management. Common ailments, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), have prompted the development of intricate treatment strategies involving bronchodilators and anti-inflammatory drugs, each tailored to ease breathing and revitalize the lungs.
Bronchodilators, the first step of respiration enhancement, come in various forms, each with its own mechanism...
362
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

329
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
329

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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Acupoint Catgut Embedding Therapy in Traditional Chinese Medicine for Managing Allergic Rhinitis
03:40

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Published on: December 20, 2024

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Intranasal Versus Oral Treatments for Allergic Rhinitis: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis.

Maria Inês Torres1, Sara Gil-Mata1, Antonio Bognanni2

  • 1MEDCIDS, Department of Community Medicine, Information, and Health Decision Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; CINTESIS@RISE, Health Research Network, MEDCIDS, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.

The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. in Practice
|September 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Intranasal treatments, including corticosteroids and antihistamines, significantly outperform oral medications in improving allergic rhinitis symptoms and quality of life. This systematic review confirms the superiority of nasal sprays for seasonal allergic rhinitis relief.

Keywords:
Allergic rhinitisGRADE approachIntranasal antihistaminesIntranasal corticosteroidsLeukotriene receptor antagonistsMeta-analysisOral antihistamines

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Area of Science:

  • Allergy and Immunology
  • Pharmacology
  • Clinical Medicine

Background:

  • Allergic rhinitis is commonly treated with intranasal or oral medications.
  • The comparative effectiveness of different treatment modalities requires systematic evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing intranasal treatments (corticosteroids, antihistamines) against oral treatments (antihistamines, leukotriene receptor antagonists).
  • To assess the impact on allergic rhinitis symptoms and patient quality of life.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic search of four bibliographic databases and three clinical trial datasets.
  • Inclusion of randomized controlled trials in patients aged 12+ with seasonal or perennial allergic rhinitis.
  • Meta-analysis of Total Nasal Symptom Score (TNSS), Total Ocular Symptom Score, Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ), and adverse events.

Main Results:

  • Intranasal corticosteroids demonstrated superiority over oral antihistamines in improving TNSS, Total Ocular Symptom Score, and RQLQ.
  • Intranasal corticosteroids also showed superiority against oral leukotriene receptor antagonists for TNSS.
  • Intranasal antihistamines were more effective than oral antihistamines in improving TNSS and RQLQ.

Conclusions:

  • Randomized controlled trials indicate that intranasal treatments are more effective than oral treatments.
  • Intranasal therapies provide significant improvements in both symptom control and quality of life for individuals with seasonal allergic rhinitis.