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Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

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In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
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Flame photometry, also known as flame emission spectrometry, is a technique used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements present in a sample using a flame as the source of excitation energy. The concept of flame photometry was realized in the early 1860s by Kirchhoff and Bunsen, who discovered that specific elements emit characteristic radiation when excited in flames. The first instrument developed for this purpose was used to measure sodium (Na) in plant ash using a Bunsen...
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In a flame photometer, when a solution like potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame, the solvent evaporates, leaving behind dehydrated salt. This salt dissociates into free gaseous atoms in their ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame, leading to their excitation. The excited atoms return to the ground state, emitting photons at characteristic wavelengths. Because only electronic transitions are involved, the resulting emission lines are very narrow. The intensity...
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In atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), high-temperature atomizers excite a broad range of elements and molecules that generate complex emissions from sources such as oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products in the flame or plasma. Several strategies can be employed to minimize spectral interferences caused by overlapping emission lines or bands. These include increasing instrument resolution, choosing alternative emission lines, optimally placing the detector in low-background regions,...
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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

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Global Gridded Emission Inventory of Organophosphate Flame Retardants from 2010 to 2020.

Haibo Ma1, Chao Wang1, Huabing Suo1

  • 1Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, Gansu Province, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|September 9, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are a growing environmental concern. This study created a global emission inventory, revealing a 3.31% annual increase and identifying production as the main emission source.

Keywords:
atmospheric transport modelemission inventoryorganophosphate flame retardantsvalidation

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasingly used as alternatives to brominated flame retardants.
  • Concerns exist regarding OPFRs' high toxicity and potential for bioaccumulation in the environment.
  • A comprehensive understanding of global OPFR emissions is crucial for environmental risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a gridded global emission inventory for OPFRs from 2010 to 2020.
  • To identify major emission sources and geographical distribution of OPFRs.
  • To provide data for policy-making and health risk assessment related to OPFRs.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a 1x1° gridded global emission inventory for OPFRs.
  • Analysis of emission data from production and consumption processes.
  • Validation of the inventory using a global atmospheric transport model and field-sampled data.

Main Results:

  • Global OPFR emissions showed an average annual increase of 3.31%, totaling 21,324.42 tons between 2010 and 2020.
  • The production process was the primary emission source (55.43%), with major sources concentrated in Asia, North America, and Europe.
  • The emission inventory demonstrated reliability, though it underestimated OPFR levels in the polar regions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed OPFR emission inventory provides a reliable overview of global environmental distribution.
  • Discrepancies in polar regions highlight the need to incorporate chemical reactions and secondary derivatives in transport models.
  • This data set is vital for informing OPFR emission control strategies and evaluating associated health risks.