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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
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Although Mendel chose seven unrelated traits in peas to study gene segregation, most traits involve multiple gene interactions that create a spectrum of phenotypes. When the interaction of various genes or alleles at different locations influences a phenotype, this is called epistasis. Epistasis often involves one gene masking or interfering with the expression of another (antagonistic epistasis). Epistasis often occurs when different genes are part of the same biochemical pathway. The...
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Genomics is the science of genomes: it is the study of all the genetic material of an organism. In humans, the genome consists of information carried in 23 pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus, as well as mitochondrial DNA. In genomics, both coding and non-coding DNA is sequenced and analyzed. Genomics allows a better understanding of all living things, their evolution, and their diversity. It has a myriad of uses: for example, to build phylogenetic trees, to improve productivity and...
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Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Epitranscriptomics and epigenetics: two sides of the same coin?

Guglielmo Bove1, Nunzio Del Gaudio2, Lucia Altucci3,4,5

  • 1Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Vico L. de Crecchio 7, Naples, Italy.

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Epigenetics regulates gene expression via DNA and histone modifications. The study explores if RNA modifications (epitranscriptomics) also fit the epigenetic definition, debating their role alongside canonical and non-canonical mechanisms.

Keywords:
DNAEpigenetic memoryEpigeneticsEpitranscriptomicsMethylationRNA

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • Gene expression links genotype to phenotype.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms (DNA/histone modifications) regulate gene expression without altering DNA sequence.
  • Non-canonical factors like chromatin regulators and noncoding RNAs also influence gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the relationship between canonical and non-canonical epigenetic mechanisms.
  • To explore the potential of RNA modifications (epitranscriptomics) in gene expression regulation.
  • To offer a perspective on classifying epitranscriptomic modifications as epigenetic.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and discussion of existing research on gene expression regulation.
  • Analysis of canonical and non-canonical epigenetic mechanisms.
  • Evaluation of epitranscriptomic modifications in the context of epigenetic definitions.

Main Results:

  • Canonical epigenetics involves heritable DNA and histone modifications.
  • Non-canonical factors and epitranscriptomics also play roles in gene expression.
  • Epitranscriptomic modifications' co-transcriptional nature and uncertain heritability challenge their classification as epigenetic.

Conclusions:

  • Gene expression is regulated by diverse mechanisms, including canonical epigenetics, non-canonical players, and epitranscriptomics.
  • The definition of epigenetics is debated concerning RNA modifications.
  • Further research is needed to clarify the heritability and epigenetic status of epitranscriptomic modifications.