M1 macrophages as promising agents for cell therapy of endometriosis

Endometriosis is a chronic estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside their normal anatomical location. While laparoscopic removal of foci remains the gold standard therapy, it has limited efficacy and certain risks. However, cell therapy using pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages presents a promising and minimally invasive alternative for treating endometriosis. This approach showcases the potential for innovative and effective treatments for this condition. This study aims to explore the anti-endometriosis properties of M1 macrophages. A reproducible syngeneic mouse model of endometriosis was utilized, revealing that formed foci are primarily composed of macrophages with an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype rather than M1 macrophages. To investigate further, chemically reprogrammed M1 macrophages were labeled with the membrane fluorescent tag PKH26 and administered to animals with endometriosis. Therapy resulted in a decrease in the number and size of foci, accompanied by a shift in the phenotypic composition of peritoneal macrophages. Specifically, the content of M2 macrophages decreased while that of M1 macrophages increased, resembling the composition of healthy animals. Our study conclusively demonstrates the anti-endometriosis properties of M1 macrophages, providing a strong foundation for future research in the cell therapy of endometriosis.