Impact of academic self-efficacy on online learning outcomes: a recent literature review

In recent years, the concept of self-efficacy has garnered attention in educational psychology research on motivation. Within an academic context, academic self-efficacy (ASE) reflects learners' belief in their ability to achieve educational goals. However, most research has focused on traditional face-to-face classroom settings, with little exploration in distance learning environments like online and e-learning. The current review aims to update a previous study (Yokoyama, 2019[40]) and examine differences in online learning types: asynchronous, synchronous, and blended learning. The study's findings reveal that in mixed environments combining synchronous and asynchronous elements, or in blended settings merging face-to-face classes with asynchronous learning, ASE positively impacts academic performance akin to traditional face-to-face classes. However, in asynchronous online learning environments, ASE's influence on academic performance might be slightly weaker compared to synchronous learning environments. The paper will subsequently discuss the pedagogical implications derived from these results.