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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
These groups modify specific amino acids in a protein....

Protein Modifications in the RER

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal...

Protein Glycosylation

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...

Types of RNA

Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in the regulation of gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
RNA...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Published on: May 2, 2018

Posttranslational modifications: an emerging functional layer of diet-host-microbe interactions.

Lirit Duchovni¹, Genrieta Shmunis¹, Lior Lobel¹

¹The Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.

|September 10, 2024

Summary

Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) in the gut microbiome regulate protein activity and influence host health. Understanding these microbiome PTMs is crucial for deciphering host-microbe interactions and disease development.

Keywords:

PTM diet-microbe-host interactions host-microbe interactions metaproteomics proteomics

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Published on: February 27, 2020

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach

Published on: May 2, 2018

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Simultaneous Affinity Enrichment of Two Post-Translational Modifications for Quantification and Site Localization

Published on: February 27, 2020

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Identification of Post-translational Modifications of Plant Protein Complexes

Published on: February 22, 2014

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Biochemistry
Human Health

Background:

The human microbiome is integral to health, with its composition affecting bodily functions.
Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) dynamically regulate protein activity by adding chemical groups to amino acids.
Dietary components can influence PTMs within gut microbiomes and their hosts.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role of PTMs on microbiome proteins in host-microbe interactions.
To investigate how PTM patterns in microbial metaproteomes relate to diseases like inflammatory bowel disease.
To understand the impact of microbial PTMs on host physiology and disease states.

Main Methods:

Analysis of PTMs in microbial metaproteomes.
Investigating specific PTM events, such as S-sulfhydration in *Escherichia coli*.
Correlating PTM profiles with host health conditions and lifestyle factors like diet.

Main Results:

PTMs on microbiome proteins significantly contribute to host-microbe interactions.
Distinct PTM patterns are observed in the microbiomes of inflammatory bowel disease patients.
Microbial PTMs can alter host PTM profiles via protein secretion and diet-mediated metabolic changes.

Conclusions:

MetaPTMomics is an emerging field focused on microbiota PTMs.
Microbiome PTMs are associated with diet and influence host-microbe interactions.
Understanding PTMs in the microbiome offers insights into health and disease mechanisms.