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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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Confocal microscopy is an advanced microscopic technique. The prime advantage of the confocal microscope over other microscopy techniques is its ability to block the out-of-focus light from the illuminated samples using pinholes. It is widely used with fluorescence optics to obtain high-resolution, sharp contrast images. Unlike optical microscopes, confocal microscopes use a focused beam of light laser to scan the entire sample surface at different z-planes. These microscopes are, therefore,...
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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
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An Ex vivo Culture System to Study Thyroid Development
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Evolving concepts in thyroid cytology.

N Paul Ohori1

  • 1Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center-Presbyterian, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Journal of the American Society of Cytopathology
|September 10, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Thyroid diagnostics are evolving with updated classification systems and molecular testing. These advancements aim to harmonize findings for better communication, patient management, and risk stratification in thyroid cytopathology.

Keywords:
AJCCBethesda systemMolecular testingRiskThyroidWHO

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Area of Science:

  • Pathology
  • Oncology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Thyroid diagnostic concepts are rapidly evolving.
  • Cytopathologists must stay abreast of changes in practice and related fields.
  • Understanding these shifts is crucial for effective patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in thyroid cytopathology.
  • To discuss changes in classification systems, molecular testing, and key metrics.
  • To highlight implications for cytopathologists and patient management.

Main Methods:

  • Review of updated classification systems (WHO, Bethesda, AJCC).
  • Analysis of ancillary molecular testing modalities, including next-generation sequencing panels.
  • Examination of key metrics impacting thyroid cytopathology and patient prognostication.

Main Results:

  • Harmonization of clinical, cytopathologic, histomorphologic, and molecular findings through updated classifications.
  • Introduction of new terminology for nuanced conditions (e.g., thyroid follicular nodular disease).
  • Simplified Bethesda system terminology, updated malignancy risk estimates, and expanded molecular testing discussions.
  • Refined AJCC staging criteria for improved prognostication.
  • Next-generation molecular panels offer sensitive detection of diverse thyroid neoplasms.

Conclusions:

  • Evolving diagnostic concepts necessitate adaptation in thyroid cytopathology.
  • Updated classification systems and molecular testing enhance communication and patient management.
  • Molecular metrics offer complementary insights for diagnostics, management, and quality assurance.