False memories in cuttlefish

Episodic memory is a reconstructive process per se: during an event, the features composing it are encoded and stored separately in the brain, then reconstructed when the event's memory is retrieved. Even with source monitoring processes (e.g., did I see or did I smell it?), some mistakes can occur. These mnemonic mistakes happen especially when different events share several features, producing overlaps difficult to discriminate, leading to the creation of false memories. The common cuttlefish has the ability to remember specific events about what happened where and when, namely episodic-like memory. In order to investigate whether this memory, such as human episodic memory, is based on reconstructive processes, we elaborated a protocol promoting false memory formation. Our results suggest that cuttlefish do form visual false memories, but not olfactory false memories. These memory errors might be the first indication of the presence of reconstructive processes in the memory of cephalopods.