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Related Concept Videos

Dehydration Synthesis01:15

Dehydration Synthesis

Dehydration synthesis (also called a condensation reaction) is the chemical process in which two molecules covalently link together to form a new molecule, along with the release of a water molecule. Many physiologically important compounds form by dehydration synthesis reactions, such as complex carbohydrates, proteins, DNA, and RNA.Synthesis of carbohydratesSugar molecules are covalently linked together by dehydration synthesis. During the reaction, the hydroxyl (-OH) group from one reactant...
Hydrolysis01:15

Hydrolysis

Overview
Hydrolysis is a chemical reaction in which the addition of water breaks down a polymer into its simpler monomer units. For example, peptides break into amino acids, carbohydrates into simple sugars, and DNA into nucleotides. Enzymes often facilitate these processes.
Hydrolysis Reverses Dehydration Synthesis
Complex carbohydrates can be broken down by breaking the bonds between individual sugar units. The reaction breaks a glycosidic bond as water is added to the compound. The...
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation01:20

Aldehydes and Ketones with Water: Hydrate Formation

An oxygen-based nucleophile, like water, can undergo addition reactions with aldehydes and ketones. The reaction leads to the formation of hydrates, also referred to as 1,1-diols or geminal diols.
The formation of hydrates is a reversible reaction. Hydrate formation is influenced by steric and electronic factors accompanying the alkyl substituents on the carbonyl group: The rate of hydrate formation increases with a decrease in the number of alkyl groups attached to the carbonyl carbon. Hence,...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

The Synthesis of RGD-functionalized Hydrogels as a Tool for Therapeutic Applications
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In-situ Forming Multipolymeric Glucose-Responsive Hydrogels.

Sunita Saha1, Akbar Ali1, Saroj Saroj2

  • 1Departments of Chemistry, Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Bhilai, Durg, Chhattisgarh, 491002, India.

Chemistry, an Asian Journal
|September 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

We developed a simple method to create glucose-responsive multipolymer hydrogels for smart insulin delivery. These novel hydrogels show controlled insulin release and are injectable, self-healing, and non-toxic.

Keywords:
Glucose-responsiveHydrogelMultipolymeric hydrogelSmart insulinin situ forming hydrogel

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An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Stimuli-responsive hydrogels (HGs) are promising for smart drug delivery.
  • Glucose-responsive HGs with phenylboronic acid (PBA) are ideal for insulin delivery in hyperglycemia.
  • Current methods for fabricating glucose-responsive HGs are complex and yield limited insulin release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a straightforward fabrication method for glucose-responsive multipolymer hydrogels (MPHGs).
  • To investigate the effect of different FPBA isomers on hydrogel properties and insulin release.
  • To create injectable, self-healing, and non-cytotoxic glucose-responsive matrices for drug delivery.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a three-component in situ mixing approach for MPHG fabrication.
  • Employed heterobifunctional formylphenylboronic acid (FPBA) crosslinkers to connect polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and branched polyethyleneimine (PEI).
  • Loaded molecular cargo, such as insulin, during the gelation process.

Main Results:

  • Successfully fabricated MPHGs with distinct viscoelastic properties based on FPBA isomer.
  • Observed glucose-responsive hydrogel dissolution and cargo release without structural disruption.
  • 4FPBA-derived MPHGs demonstrated enhanced solid-like properties and higher glucose-responsive insulin release.
  • All fabricated MPHGs were injectable, self-healing, and non-cytotoxic at relevant concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Developed a facile method for creating advanced glucose-responsive MPHGs.
  • Demonstrated the potential of MPHGs for controlled and self-regulating drug delivery applications.
  • MPHGs offer a promising platform for future in vivo studies and clinical translation.