Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

148
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
148
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

11.9K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
11.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Longitudinal development of ocular biometric components and refractive error in children with hyperopic anisometropia.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025
Same author

Longitudinal development of ocular biometric components and refractive error in hyperopic children with infantile versus late-onset accommodative esotropia.

Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists)·2025
Same author

Gamification to Support Adherence to a Therapeutic Ambylopia Treatment for Children: Retrospective Study Using a Focal Ambient Visual Acuity Stimulation Game.

JMIR pediatrics and parenting·2023
Same author

Adequate 25(OH)D moderates the relationship between dietary inflammatory potential and cardiovascular health risk during the second trimester of pregnancy.

Frontiers in nutrition·2022
Same author

Predicting the rupture status of small middle cerebral artery aneurysms using random forest modeling.

Frontiers in neurology·2022
Same author

A novel speech emotion recognition method based on feature construction and ensemble learning.

PloS one·2022

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia
06:19

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

Published on: September 27, 2024

206

Longitudinal refractive errors over 36 months in Hispanic and Black children.

Yi Pang1, Qiong Li2, Sandra S Block1

  • 1Illinois College of Optometry, Chicago, Illinois.

Optometry and Vision Science : Official Publication of the American Academy of Optometry
|September 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Hispanic children showed higher astigmatism, while Black children exhibited greater anisometropia. This study highlights racial/ethnic differences in refractive error characteristics in pediatric populations.

More Related Videos

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment
05:40

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Published on: March 24, 2020

12.2K
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

647

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2025

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia
06:19

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

Published on: September 27, 2024

206
Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment
05:40

Using an Automated Hirschberg Test App to Evaluate Ocular Alignment

Published on: March 24, 2020

12.2K
Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening
05:36

Subjective Refraction Test Using a Smartphone for Vision Screening

Published on: October 18, 2024

647

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Pediatric Eye Care
  • Refractive Error Research

Background:

  • Refractive errors are common in children and can impact visual development.
  • Understanding racial and ethnic variations in refractive error is crucial for targeted eye care interventions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the longitudinal changes in refractive errors over 36 months in Hispanic and Black children.
  • To identify differences in refractive error characteristics between these two ethnic groups.

Main Methods:

  • A cohort of children aged 2.4 to 15 years underwent annual cycloplegic refraction measurements.
  • Spherical equivalent, astigmatism (cylinder, J0, J45), and anisometropia were analyzed using mixed-linear models over 36 months.

Main Results:

  • Hispanic children had significantly higher astigmatism (cylinder, J0, J45) compared to Black children.
  • Black children showed a higher prevalence and degree of anisometropia (≥1 D) than Hispanic children.
  • Both groups experienced a significant decrease in spherical equivalent over 36 months, but astigmatism and anisometropia remained stable.

Conclusions:

  • Significant racial/ethnic differences exist in astigmatism and anisometropia prevalence and characteristics among children.
  • These findings underscore the importance of considering ethnicity in pediatric refractive error assessment and management.