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Related Concept Videos

Sound as Pressure Waves01:17

Sound as Pressure Waves

2.4K
Sound waves, which are longitudinal waves, can be modeled as the displacement amplitude varying as a function of the spatial and temporal coordinates. As a column of the medium is displaced, its successive columns are also displaced. As the successive displacements differ relatively, a pressure difference with the surrounding pressure is created. The gauge pressure varies across the medium.
The pressure fluctuation depends on the difference in displacements between the successive points in the...
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Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

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The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by...
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Perception of Sound Waves01:01

Perception of Sound Waves

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The human ear is not equally sensitive to all frequencies in the audible range. It may perceive sound waves with the same pressure but different frequencies as having different loudness. Moreover, the perception of sound waves depends on the health of an individual's ears, which decays with age. The health of one's ears may also be affected by regular exposure to loud noises.
The pitch of a sound depends on the frequency and the pressure amplitude of the source. Two sounds of the same...
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Sound Intensity00:58

Sound Intensity

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The loudness of a sound source is related to how energetically the source is vibrating, consequently making the molecules of the propagation medium vibrate. To measure the loudness of a source, the physical quantity of interest is the intensity. This is defined as the energy emitted per unit of time per unit of area perpendicular to the sound wave's propagation direction. Since the total energy is greater if the source vibrates for a longer duration and over a larger area, dividing the...
4.0K
Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves01:05

Intensity and Pressure of Sound Waves

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The intensity of sound waves can be related to displacement and pressure amplitudes by using their wave expressions and the definition of intensity. The critical step to achieve this is to write the power delivered by the particles on the wave as the product of force and velocity and simplify the force per unit area as the pressure. The velocity of the medium's particles can be derived from the displacement.
Unlike the time average of a sinusoidal term, which is zero since it is positive...
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

Sound Waves: Interference

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Three-Dimensional Echocardiographic Method for the Visualization and Assessment of Specific Parameters of the Pulmonary Veins
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Three-dimensional valley-contrasting sound.

Haoran Xue1, Yong Ge2, Zheyu Cheng3

  • 1Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Science Advances
|September 11, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a 3D acoustic crystal demonstrating valley-contrasting physics, extending 2D concepts to three dimensions. This breakthrough enables novel topological wave manipulation in 3D space.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed matter physics
  • Acoustics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Spin and valley are key electron properties in crystals.
  • Valley-contrasting physics, observed in 2D materials like graphene, shows valleys with opposite magnetic moments and Berry curvature.
  • This phenomenon has not been explored in three-dimensional (3D) crystals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a 3D acoustic crystal exhibiting valley-contrasting physics.
  • To generalize topological valley transport from 2D edge states to 3D surface states.
  • To explore novel wave manipulation in 3D space.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a 3D acoustic crystal.
  • Experimental demonstration of valley-contrasting physics in the 3D crystal.
  • Investigation of topological surface states and their transport properties.

Main Results:

  • Successful realization of 3D valley-contrasting physics in an acoustic crystal.
  • Observation of six distinct valley values in 3D, each with a directional vortex.
  • Demonstration of topological valley transport via surface states, including robust propagation, topological refraction, and valley-cavity localization.

Conclusions:

  • The study establishes 3D valley-contrasting physics in acoustic crystals, a novel extension from 2D systems.
  • The findings pave the way for advanced wave manipulation techniques in three dimensions.
  • This research opens new avenues for topological acoustics and related fields.