Consensus guidelines for the management of intracranial ependymoma for low- and middle-income countries

This paper presents comprehensive consensus guidelines for the management of intracranial ependymoma, neoplasms arising from ependymal cells in the central nervous system's ventricular system, in low- and middleincome countries (LMICs). Acknowledging the distinct epidemiological patterns of ependymomas, notably their higher incidence in paediatric patients, and variable survival rates, these guidelines emphasize tailored management approaches for different age groups. An expert panel, comprising specialists in neuro-oncology, convened to address gaps in diagnosis and management within LMICs, considering the varying clinical presentation based on tumour size and location. Emphasizing surgical intervention as the cornerstone of treatment, the guidelines also address challenges such as intraoperative bleeding and tumour location impacting complete resection. The role of molecular subgrouping in stratifying treatment and predicting prognosis is highlighted, alongside a careful consideration of radiotherapy timing, dose, and volume based on risk factors. Chemotherapy's role, especially in paediatric cases, is explored. The paper synthesizes current research and expert opinions, including the need for standardisation, genetic testing, and exploration of less invasive treatment modalities, to address the unique healthcare infrastructure challenges in LMICs. The guidelines also emphasize multidisciplinary teams, aiming to bridge the care gap between high-income countries and LMICs, and improve survival rates and quality of life for patients with intracranial ependymoma. This article serves as a valuable resource for clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in Pakistan and beyond, facilitating the development of evidence-based strategies in diverse healthcare settings.