Asymmetry in synaptic connectivity balances redundancy and reachability in the Caenorhabditis elegans connectome

The brain is overall bilaterally symmetrical, but also exhibits considerable asymmetry. While symmetry may endow neural networks with robustness and resilience, asymmetry may enable parallel information processing and functional specialization. How is this tradeoff between symmetrical and asymmetrical brain architecture balanced? To address this, we focused on the Caenorhabditis elegans connectome, comprising 99 classes of bilaterally symmetrical neuron pairs. We found symmetry in the number of synaptic partners between neuron class members, but pronounced asymmetry in the identity of these synapses. We applied graph theoretical metrics for evaluating Redundancy, the selective reinforcement of specific neural paths by multiple alternative synaptic connections, and Reachability, the extent and diversity of synaptic connectivity of each neuron class. We found Redundancy and Reachability to be stochastically tunable by the level of network asymmetry, driving the C. elegans connectome to favor Redundancy over Reachability. These results elucidate fundamental relations between lateralized neural connectivity and function.