Emphysema and lung cancer risk

With increasing significance of lung cancer screening programs, it is essential to determine the group of participants, who would benefit the most from screening. In our study, we aimed to establish the correlation between lung emphysema and lung cancer risk.

The study design was cross-sectional. Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) scans of 896 subjects from MOLTEST-BIS lung cancer screening program, including 100 subjects with detected lung cancer, were visually evaluated for the presence, type and severity of emphysema. Quantitative emphysema evaluation was performed with Siemens syngo.via Pulmo 3D application.

Visually detected presence of centrilobular emphysema (CLE) correlated with male gender (P=0.02), age (P<0.001) and pack-years of smoking (P=0.004), as well as with quantitative assessment of Emphysema Index (EI) (P=0.008), and with emphysema clusters of given size (Clas 1-4) Clas 1, Clas 3 and Clas 4 (P<0.001). Visually assessed severity grade of emphysema correlated with age (P<0.001), pack-years of smoking history (P=0.002) and EI (P<0.001). There was a correlation between lung cancer occurrence and pack-years (P<0.001), age (P<0.001), and presence of CLE (P<0.001) but no correlation with gender (P=0.88) and EI (P=0.32) was found. In the logistic regression model pack-years, age, qualitative severity of CLE and Clas 1 were significant factors correlated with lung cancer occurrence (P<0.001).

Qualitative and quantitative emphysema evaluation correlate with each other. Both, presence and severity of CLE correlate with higher incidence of lung cancer. Severity of visually assessed emphysema, age and pack-years of smoking are significant predictors of lung cancer occurrence.