Optimization and scalability assessment of supercapacitor electrodes based on hydrothermally grown MoS₂ on carbon...

MoS₂ is a well-known 2D transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) with feasibility for energy storage applications due to its eco-friendliness and high electroactive surface area. Electrodes based on MoS₂ are typically made by either immobilizing its multiphase nanocomposites, having binders and conductive fillers, or by directly growing the materials on current collectors. In this work, we follow and optimize this latter approach by applying a hydrothermal route to directly synthesize MoS₂ nanostructures on carbon cloth (MoS₂@CC) hence enabling binder-free current collector electrodes. Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy analyses confirmed the formation of 2H MoS₂ nanosheets with hexagonal structure. The as-prepared electrodes were used to assemble symmetric supercapacitor cells, whose performance were tested in various types of electrolytes. Electrochemical measurements indicate that both precursor concentration and growth time significantly affect the device performance. Under optimized conditions, specific capacitance up to 226 F g^-1 (at 1 A g^-1 in 6 M KOH) was achieved, with corresponding energy and power densities of 5.1 W h kg^-1 and 2.1 W kg^-1. The device showed good stability, retaining 85% capacitance after 1000 cycles. Furthermore, the electrodes assessed in PYR14-TFSI showed energy and power densities of up to 26.3 W h kg^-1 and 2.0 kW kg^-1, respectively, indicating their feasibility not only in aqueous but also in ionic liquid electrolytes. In addition, galvanostatic charge/discharge measurements conducted on devices having footprint sizes from 1 cm² to 25 cm² show very similar specific capacitances, which proves scalability and thus the practical relevance of the binder-free electrodes demonstrated in this study.