Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in neonates associated with pneumothorax: Case report

Area of Science:

• Neonatology
• Pediatric Infectious Diseases
• Critical Care Medicine

Background:

• The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2-associated multisystem inflammatory syndromes.
• Pediatric Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome (MIS-P) and Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Neonates (MIS-N) are recognized complications.
• MIS-N presents with hyper-inflammatory symptoms, including fever and conjunctivitis, in newborns.

Observation:

• A case report details a newborn female infant diagnosed with MIS-N.
• The infant presented with respiratory distress on the third day of life.
• She subsequently developed bilateral pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum, necessitating mechanical ventilation.

Findings:

• Pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are identified as potential, severe respiratory presentations of MIS-N.
• The case highlights the need for vigilance regarding these specific complications in affected neonates.
• Immunoglobulin G (IgG) positivity was noted in the context of MIS-N.

Implications:

• Early diagnosis and management of pneumothorax and pneumomediastinum are critical in neonates with MIS-N.
• This case underscores the importance of considering severe respiratory complications in the differential diagnosis of MIS-N.
• Enhanced awareness among healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes for MIS-N affected newborns.