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Catalysis

Catalysis

The presence of a catalyst affects the rate of a chemical reaction. A catalyst is a substance that can increase the reaction rate without being consumed during the process. A basic comprehension of a catalysts’ role during chemical reactions can be understood from the concept of reaction mechanisms and energy diagrams.

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...

Electrolysis

Electrolysis

In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Carboxylic Acid Derivatives

Aldehydes are more reactive than carboxylic acids and hence, can get over-reduced to alcohol in the presence of strong reducing agents. Therefore, carboxylic acids are inefficient in preparing aldehydes using LAH.
Carboxylic acid derivatives like acid chlorides and esters are more easily reducible than the corresponding acids. The derivatives reduce in the presence of mild reducing agents to give aldehydes. Aldehydes can also be prepared by Rosenmund reduction, that is, the reduction of...

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds: Reduction

Reduction is a simple strategy to convert a carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group. The three major pathways to reduce carbonyls to alcohols are catalytic hydrogenation, hydride reduction, and borane reduction.
Catalytic hydrogenation is similar to the reduction of an alkene or alkyne by adding H2 across the pi bond in the presence of transition metal catalysts like Raney Ni, Pd–C, Pt, or Ru. Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by this method, often under mild to moderate heat (25–100°C) and...

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

Acid-Catalyzed Aldol Addition Reaction

The aldol reaction of a ketone under acidic conditions successfully forms an unsaturated carbonyl as the final product instead of an aldol. The acid-catalyzed aldol reaction is depicted in Figure 1.

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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

Published on: April 10, 2018

Accelerating acidic CO₂ electroreduction: strategies beyond catalysts.

Bangwei Deng^1,2, Daming Sun³, Xueyang Zhao⁴

¹Huzhou Key Laboratory of Smart and Clean Energy, Yangtze Delta Region Institute (Huzhou), University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Huzhou 313001 China bwdeng@uestc.edu.cn yizhao@csj.uestc.edu.cn dongfan@uestc.edu.cn.

Chemical Science

|September 12, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Acidic CO2RR overcomes carbonate limitations for carbon neutrality. Strategies focus on electrolyte, local environment, and electrode design to improve selectivity and efficiency over traditional systems.

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Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Catalysis
Green Chemistry

Background:

CO2 electrochemical reduction (CO2RR) is key for carbon neutrality.
Neutral/alkaline CO2RR is limited by carbonate formation, capping efficiency at 50% SPCE.
Acidic CO2RR offers 100% SPCE but faces challenges in selectivity, stability, and efficiency due to hydrogen evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

To review challenges and strategies in acidic CO2RR.
To highlight the importance of local catalytic environment regulation.
To provide an outlook on advancing acidic CO2RR for practical applications.

Main Methods:

Focus on electrolyte regulation strategies.
Discuss local catalytic environment modification techniques.
Examine novel gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) and electrolyzer designs.

Main Results:

Acidic CO2RR shows promise for high efficiency, overcoming carbonate limitations.
Local environment control is crucial for enhancing performance beyond catalyst properties.
Recent breakthroughs address selectivity, stability, and energy efficiency issues.

Conclusions:

Acidic CO2RR is a promising pathway for carbon neutrality.
Further research in electrolyte, local environment, and electrode design is essential.
Advancements aim to make acidic CO2RR a practical carbon utilization technology.