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Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
Quality Assurance01:19

Quality Assurance

Quality assurance is the overarching term used to describe the activities employed to ensure the proper performance of a system. These activities can be classified into three categories: quality control, quality assessment, and internal corrective measures. Typically, these activities work cyclically: quality control is performed before and during the analysis, while quality assessment occurs during and after the investigation. Internal corrective measures are implemented based on the findings...
Auditory Perception01:17

Auditory Perception

The auditory system is essential for sound perception, utilizing various critical structures. When sound waves enter the outer ear, they travel through the ear canal and cause the eardrum to vibrate. These vibrations are then transmitted to the middle ear, where three tiny bones – the malleus, incus, and stapes – amplify the sound. This amplification is crucial, as it ensures that the sound vibrations are strong enough to be conveyed to the inner ear. These vibrations then reach the cochlea, a...
Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location01:21

Perceiving Loudness, Pitch, and Location

The human brain perceives pitch through two primary mechanisms reflected in place theory and frequency theory. Each mechanism describes how sound waves are interpreted as specific pitches by the brain, offering insights into the intricate processes of auditory perception.
Place theory, or place coding, suggests that different pitches are heard because various sound waves activate specific locations along the cochlea's basilar membrane. The brain determines the pitch of a sound by identifying...
Factors Affecting Perception01:25

Factors Affecting Perception

Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
An illustrative example of a perceptual set is the scenario where an airline pilot told...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses
14:05

Behavioral Assessment of Hearing in 2 to 4 Year-old Children: A Two-interval, Observer-based Procedure Using Conditioned Play-based Responses

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Optimisation of visual reinforcement audiometry: a scoping review.

Anisa S Visram1, Iain R Jackson1, Ibrahim Almufarrij1,2

  • 1Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.

International Journal of Audiology
|September 12, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) effectively assesses infant hearing. Optimizing VRA involves varied visual reinforcers and breaks, with younger infants showing more responses.

Keywords:
Visual reinforcement audiometryauditory stimulibehavioural assessmenthearinginfantvisual reinforcervisual reward

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Area of Science:

  • Audiology
  • Pediatric Hearing Assessment
  • Behavioral Testing

Background:

  • Visual reinforcement audiometry (VRA) is a standard method for evaluating hearing in infants and young children.
  • Clinical practice requires optimized VRA protocols for improved effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review summarizing evidence on optimizing Visual Reinforcement Audiometry (VRA).
  • To identify factors enhancing VRA effectiveness in clinical settings.

Main Methods:

  • A pre-registered scoping review was performed.
  • Fifty-nine original research articles were included in the analysis.

Main Results:

  • Increased variety and complexity of visual reinforcers, shorter durations, and breaks improved infant response behavior.
  • Intermittent conditioning and suprathreshold presentation levels did not significantly impact responses.
  • Younger infants (around 12 months) exhibited more responses than older infants (18-24 months).

Conclusions:

  • VRA is a successful hearing test for infants aged approximately 7-24 months, with established clinical protocols.
  • Further research is needed on diverse reinforcers, auditory stimuli, and response detection technologies to enhance VRA.