In Vitro Metabolism of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and Confirmation in Human Urine by Liquid Chromatography...

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are high-production chemicals used as cleaning and disinfecting agents. Due to their ubiquitous presence in the environment and several toxic effects described, human exposure to these chemicals gained increasing attention in recent years. However, very limited data on the biotransformation of QACs is available, hampering exposure assessment. In this study, three QACs (dimethyl dodecyl ammonium, C₁₀-DDAC; benzyldimethyl dodecylammonium, C₁₂-BAC; cetyltrimethylammonium, C₁₆-ATMAC) commonly detected in indoor microenvironments were incubated with human liver microsomes and cytosol (HLM/HLC) simulating Phase I and II metabolism. Thirty-one Phase I metabolites were annotated originating from 19 biotransformation reactions. Four metabolites of C₁₀-DDAC were described for the first time. A detailed assessment of experimental fragmentation spectra allowed to characterize potential oxidation sites. For each annotated metabolite, drift-tube ion-mobility derived collision cross section (^DTCCS_N2) values were reported, serving as an additional identification parameter and allowing the characterization of changes in ^DTCCS_N2 values following metabolism. Lastly, eight metabolites, including four metabolites of both C₁₂-BAC and C₁₀-DDAC, were confirmed in human urine samples showing high oxidation states through introduction of up to four oxygen atoms. This is the first report of higher oxidized C₁₀-DDAC metabolites in human urine facilitating future biomonitoring studies on QACs.